Aims

Students will be presented with a selection of elementary topics in the genesis of electrical signals in nervous tissue, biochemical and molecular signals in excitable and non-excitable cells, and the measurement of such signals by means of artificial devices. Students will understand the rationale for a mechanistic dissection of the functioning of the mammalian nervous system at the cellular, microcircuit and population levels. Students will ultimately acquire skills in this area and will be able to apply their knowledge to capture an in-depth quantitative component in cutting-edge scientific publications.

Students will begin to make quantitative judgments and assessments in the areas of Electrophysiology and Cellular Biophysics, analyzing how significant progress can be made in these areas and where the availability of solid theoretical tools has proven to be extremely fruitful. Students will become fluent in this progression and skill.

Students will be introduced to a quantitative style of neural systems biophysics, as an opportunity to expand their learning capabilities beyond "enumeration" in biology and toward a new approach of "synthesis" and "analysis".

Prerequisites: a basic knowledge of cell biology, elements of infinitesimal calculus, fundamentals of electromagnetism, proficiency in the use of a PC, the Internet, elements of scientific programming.

Schedule

Timing: classes start at 2pm (sharp), and break for 15min, every 45-50min.

There is no stupid question. Read it again, please! The Professor does NOT judge you or even remember/care of your questions at the final exam. He strives to make sure you understand the material. If you do not understand it, it is likely that others do not understand it either, but maybe they are too shy to ask. Go first and ask your questions! Besides office hours, the Professor is available for questions during the class or the breaks, as well as before its start and after its end.

Office hours: no explanation is provided by the Professor over email or instant messaging. Office hours are available to all students only in person (Via Campi 287, building Biomedical Sciences, office MO-15) and upon prior appointment (or on Goole Meet if you are abroad).

Collective learning: Consider posting your question in public, on our Teams group: other students are encouraged to try answering to their peers' questions.

Preliminaries (if needed)
Lectures (in presence)
  • Week 2
    • Oct 7th 2025  (14:00 - 18:00) - room M1.5 (Edificio Matematica)
  • Week 3
    • Oct 14th 2025  (14:00 - 18:00) - room M1.5 (Edificio Matematica)
  • Week 4
    • Oct 21st 2025  (14:00 - 18:00) - room M1.5 (Edificio Matematica)
  • Week 5
    • Oct 28st 2025  (14:00 - 18:00) - room M1.4 (Edificio Matematica)
  • Week 6
    • Nov 4th 2025  (14:00 - 18:00) - room M1.5
  • Week 7
    • Nov 11th 2025  (14:00 - 18:00) - room M1.5
  • Week 8
    • Nov 18th 2025  (14:00 - 18:00) - room M1.5
  • Week 9
    • Nov 25th 2025  (14:00 - 18:00) - room CS1.2 - Policlinico
  • Week 10
    • Dec 2nd 2025  (14:00 - 18:00) - room M1.2
  • Week 11
    • Dec 9th 2025  (14:00 - 18:00) - room M1.5
  • Week 12
    • Dec 16th 2025  (14:00 - 18:00) - room M1.5

    content

    0. Mathematical Preliminaries - if needed (watch 📺 here)
    • Mathematical functions and their graphs
    • Derivatives and Integrals
    • The Dirac's Delta and the Convolution Integral
    • Ordinary differential equations and their solution
    • Numerical solutions and the Euler forward method
    1. Introduction
    • Definition of "biological signal"
    • Scientific motivations and innovation in medicine and neurobiology
    • Examples of electrophysiological signals of the nervous system
    2. EEG, Extracellular, and Intracellular Electrophysiological Signals
    • Mentions of EEG and its applications in neurology
    • Origins of EEG and its counter intuitive aspects
    3. Biophysical Preliminaries
    • Definition of ionic mobility in solution
    • Capacitive and resistive properties of biological membranes
    • Electrical Circuit Equivalent Models
    • Definition of ionic fluxes and introduction of drift and diffusion
    4. Neuroelectronics
    • Thermodynamic equilibrium and the Nernst potential
    • Transport currents through a semipermeable membrane
    • Ohmic approximation to membrane permeability
    • Goldman's equation and non-ohmic approximation
    • Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equations
    • Definition and inference of "resting" membrane potential
    5. Introduction to Cell Excitability
    • Charge-balance equation
    • Thevenin electrical equivalent circuit of a permeable membrane
    • Intuitive account for permeability changes through time
    • Introduction to Action Potentials (APs)
    6. Further biophysical preliminaries
    • Mass-action law, chemical reactions, and equations
    • Kinetic schemes
    • Non-deterministic microscopic interpretations of kinetic schemes
    7. Excitability according to Hodgkin & Huxley
    • In-depth description of the HH model for AP generation
    • Markov kinetic schemes for voltage-gated ionic channels
    • Non-deterministic correlates of cell excitability
    8. Synaptic transmission: chemical and electrical synapses
    • Kinetic schemes for ligand-gated synaptic receptors
    • Classification of synaptic receptors
    • Excitatory and inhibitory synapses
    • Electrical synaptic transmission and connectivity
    • Reduced/simplified model of chemical synaptic transmission
    9. Synaptic plasticity
    • Short-term, homosynaptic plasticity
    • Short-term depression and short-term facilitation
    • Kinetic schemes for dynamics of ready-releasable synaptic resources
    • Tsodyks-Markram model and its reduced version
    • Long-term, heterosynaptic plasticity
    • Spike-timing dependent plasticity, triplets of APs
    • Considerations related to connectivity motifs
    10. Extracellular Electrophysiological Signals
    • Intra- and extracellular potential and spatially-distributed properties
    • Derivation of cable equation and Rall's intuition
    • Definition of electrotonus, solution of the cable equation
    • Significance for spatial attenuation and temporal filtering of synaptic potentials
    • Back-propagating action-potentials
    • Synaptic Democracy
    11. Volume Conductor Theory and Extracellular Potentials
    • Point current sources and line current sources
    • Contributions to extracellular potentials
    • Discussion on applications of Volume Conductor Theory to common electrophysiological signals: spikes and LFPs
    12. Analysis of Electrophysiological Signals
    • Signals low-pass and band-pass filtering
    • Peak-detection and spike-sorting
    • Features extraction from intracellular signals
    • Elementary spike-train analysis
    • Brief mentions to Information Theory, Entropy, and Mutual Information for spike-train analysis

    Teams & Code of Conduct

    UNIMORE graciously makes available to us a Teams group as an (online, real-time) virtual meeting place and as an (offline, asynchronous) forum for questions and answers, for discussions on topics of the course, as well as for the students to offer mutual assistance during their study process. Access is reserved only to students attending the course.

    Before joining, please do take a serious look at our Code of Conduct, below:

    Code of Conduct of our Class Teams Group

    We are committed to creating a collaborative, open, and inclusive teaching and learning environment. All students, teaching assistants, affiliated faculty, organizers and contributors are expected to adhere to this Code of Conduct.

    Participants or affiliates who are asked to stop any inappropriate behaviour are expected to comply immediately. This applies to any events and platforms, either online or in-person. If a participant engages in behaviour that violates this Code of Conduct, the organisers may warn the offender, ask them to leave the event or platform, or engage UniTs/SISSA’s Ombuds Offices to investigate the Code of Conduct violation and impose appropriate sanctions.

    Violations of the Code of Conduct should be reported to MG.

    1. Be inclusive

    We welcome and support people of all backgrounds and identities. This includes, but is not limited to members of any sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, race, ethnicity, culture, national origin, social and economic class, educational level, color, immigration status, sex, age, size, family status, political belief, religion, and mental and physical ability.

    2. Be considerate

    We all depend on each other to produce the best work we can as an organization. Your decisions will affect students, teaching assistants, and colleagues around the world, and you should take those consequences into account when making decisions.

    3. Be respectful

    We won’t all agree all the time, but disagreement is no excuse for disrespectful behavior. We will all experience frustration from time to time, but we cannot allow that frustration become personal attacks. An environment where people feel uncomfortable or threatened is not a productive or creative one.

    4. Choose your words carefully

    Always conduct yourself professionally. Be kind to others. Do not insult or put down others. Harassment and exclusionary behavior aren’t acceptable. This includes, but is not limited to:

    • Threats of violence
    • Insubordination
    • Discriminatory jokes and language
    • Sharing sexually explicit or violent material via electronic devices or other means
    • Personal insults, especially those using racist or sexist terms
    • Unwelcome sexual attention
    • Advocating for, or encouraging, any of the above behavior.

    5. Don’t harass

    In general, if someone asks you to stop something, then stop. When we disagree, try to understand why. Differences of opinion and disagreements are mostly unavoidable. What is important is that we resolve disagreements and differing views constructively.

    6. Make differences into strengths

    We can find strength in diversity. Different people have different perspectives on issues, and that can be valuable for solving problems or generating new ideas. Being unable to understand why someone holds a viewpoint doesn’t mean that they’re wrong. Don’t forget that we all make mistakes, and blaming each other doesn’t get us anywhere. Instead, focus on resolving issues and learning from mistakes.

    7. Act honestly and with academic integrity

    We expect you to respect basic academic integrity principles and take academic integrity to mean adherence to the following values:

    • Honesty
    • Trust
    • Fairness
    • Respect
    • Responsibility
    • Courage.

    More information on academic integrity and these values can be found at the International Center of Academic Integrity.

    Be honest in your applications and in your potential reasons for missing classes, or project assignments. Take responsibility for your mistakes and work to remedy them. Don’t take the course under someone else’s name or identity.

    Quiz & flash-cards

    Launch the Quiz App (ITA)

    A web app is offered for your own benefit and as a practice opportunity. By clicking on the button above, you will be shown a series of closed-ended questions. Through a touch interface (or spacebar pressing), you can check/reveal the correct answers and unhide a short excerpt of the necessary reasoning, before moving on to the next question.

    Please note: the questions database has been created by an LLM, available to you through the GitHub repository of this course (see here). This set has NOT been checked for completeness or correctness. It is provided to you as is. I am pretty sure that the most proactive students will quickly catch and report to me errors or hallucinations. For all of you, it is an excellent exercise, provided you use your critical thinking.

    Anki flash-cards: a set of 1'700 flashcard is also available for you in the form of Anki flash-cards, which you can download from the GitHub repository of this course (see here). Anki is a spaced-repetition software that you can install on your PC or smartphone. It is a powerful tool to support your memorization of key concepts. If you are not familiar with it, please check here for further information.

    Resources

    GitHub icon
    GitHub Repository YouTube icon
    Video Material Hyperlink icon
    Mathematical Preliminaries Hyperlink icon
    Introductory Lecture Hyperlink icon
    EEG, LFP, plotting data, Neuroelectronics preliminary Lecture